真菌实验方法 第一版 Ramesh Maheshwari

原名: Fungi Experimental Methods in Biology

作者: Ramesh Maheshwari

资源格式: PDF

版本: 第一版

出版社: CRC Press

书号: 978-1-57444-468-1

发行时间: 2005年6月23日

地区: 印度

语言: 英文

简介: 

自
认为是一本学习真菌专业知识的入门书籍，所课的内容较多但问题都是一带而过，没有深入　广泛的对某一问题进行探讨。刚开始用英文学习真菌可以选择它。
Presenting information generated through the application of genetics,
molecular biology, and biochemistry, this book analyzes information
derived through real experiments, and focuses on unresolved questions in
the field. The text describes the special features of fungi,
interactions of fungi with other organisms, model fungi in research,
gene manipulation, adaptations, and natural populations. Each
stand-alone chapter enables the reader to progress from elementary
concepts to advanced research, benefiting both beginning research
workers and experienced professionals. A comprehensive appendix covers
the principles in naming fungi and discusses their broad classification

目录: 

Contents
PART I The Unique Features of Fungi
Chapter 1
The Hyphal Mode of Life…………………………………………………….3
1.1 Features of Hyphae………………………………………………………………………..3
1.1.1 Spread and Longevity ………………………………………………………..3
1.1.2 Indeterminate Growth ……………………………………………………….4
1.1.3 Apical Extension and Synchronized Growth………………………..6
1.1.4 Spitzenkörper…………………………………………………………………….6
1.1.5 Tip-High Calcium ………………………………………………………………8
1.1.6 Large Surface Area…………………………………………………………….9
1.1.7 Cytoskeleton…………………………………………………………………….10
1.1.8 Protein Secretion ……………………………………………………………..10
1.1.9 Nutrient Uptake ………………………………………………………………12
1.2 Cell Wall………………………………………………………………………………………13
1.2.1 Composition and Structure……………………………………………….13
1.2.2 Hydrophobins…………………………………………………………………..14
1.3 Mycelium Formation …………………………………………………………………….14
1.3.1 Septation …………………………………………………………………………14
1.3.2 Branching ………………………………………………………………………..15
1.3.3 Hyphal Fusion …………………………………………………………………16
1.3.4 Multihyphal Structures…………………………………………………….16
1.4 Concluding Remarks…………………………………………………………………….17
References……………………………………………………………………………………………..17
Chapter 2
The Multinuclear Condition………………………………………………19
2.1 Nuclear Number and Hyphal Growth……………………………………………19
2.2 Chromosome Numbers………………………………………………………………….20
2.3 Nuclear Division Cycle …………………………………………………………………21
xii Contents
2.3.1 Temperature-Sensitive Mutants………………………………………..22
2.3.2 Kinetics of Nuclear Division Cycle…………………………………….23
2.4 Asynchronous Nuclear Divisions …………………………………………………..23
2.5 Nuclear Migration………………………………………………………………………..24
2.6 Positioning of Nuclei and Gene Regulation ……………………………………25
2.7 Heterokaryosis……………………………………………………………………………..26
2.7.1 Sheltering of Lethal Mutation…………………………………………..27
2.7.2 Nuclear Selection……………………………………………………………..28
2.7.3 Nuclear Competence…………………………………………………………29
2.8 Parasexual Recombination ……………………………………………………………30
2.9 Concluding Remarks…………………………………………………………………….31
References……………………………………………………………………………………………..31
PART II Interactions of Fungi with Other
Organisms
Chapter 3
Fungi as Symbiotic Partners……………………………………………..35
3.1 Mycorrhiza …………………………………………………………………………………..35
3.1.1 Types of Mycorrhiza …………………………………………………………36
3.1.2 Techniques of Studying Mycorrhizal Symbiosis………………….36
3.1.3 Diffusible Host and Fungal Factors …………………………………..39
3.1.4 Differentially Expressed Plant Genes………………………………..40
3.1.5 Multiple Genomes…………………………………………………………….41
3.2 Lichen………………………………………………………………………………………….42
3.2.1 Mycobiont and Photobiont ………………………………………………..44
3.2.2 Lichen Synthesis………………………………………………………………44
3.2.3 Transfer of Carbohydrate in Lichen Symbiosis ………………….45
3.3 Some Unanswered Questions………………………………………………………..45
References……………………………………………………………………………………………..45
Chapter 4
Fungi as Plant Pathogens …………………………………………………47
4.1 Early Ideas on Plant Diseases ………………………………………………………47
4.2 Some Striking Fungal Diseases …………………………………………………….49
4.2.1 Diseases of Crop Plants ……………………………………………………49
4.2.2 Fungal Diseases of Trees ………………………………………………….50
4.3 Classes of Plant Pathogenic Fungi ………………………………………………..51
4.3.1 Necrotrophic and Biotrophic Fungi……………………………………51
4.4 General Features of Pathogenesis …………………………………………………51
4.4.1 Adhesion of Spores …………………………………………………………..53
4.4.2 Directional Growth …………………………………………………………..53
4.4.3 Infection Structures………………………………………………………….54
4.4.4 Production of Cutinase……………………………………………………..57
4.4.5 Production of Toxins…………………………………………………………57
4.4.6 Detoxification of Saponins ………………………………………………..58
4.5 Concluding Remarks…………………………………………………………………….60
References……………………………………………………………………………………………..60
Contents xiii
PART III Model Fungi in Research
Chapter 5
Neurospora
: A Gateway to Biology …………………………………….65
5.1 Habitat, Life Style and Life Cycle …………………………………………………65
5.2 Meiotic Events……………………………………………………………………………..70
5.3 Gene Maps…………………………………………………………………………………..73
5.4 One Gene-One Enzyme Hypothesis……………………………………………….76
5.5 Molecular Revolution ……………………………………………………………………78
5.6 Revelations from Genome Sequence………………………………………………78
5.7 Concluding Remarks…………………………………………………………………….79
References……………………………………………………………………………………………..80
Chapter 6
Yeast: A Unicellular Paradigm for Complex
Biological Processes ………………………………………………………….81
6.1 Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………81
6.2 Molecular Mechanisms of DNA Replication
and Cell Division………………………………………………………………………….82
6.2.1
cdc
Genes ………………………………………………………………………..85
6.3 Bud Growth and Polarity ……………………………………………………………..85
6.4 Mating and Signal Transduction Cascade ……………………………………..89
6.5 Protein Targeting …………………………………………………………………………91
6.6 Mitochondrial Biogenesis………………………………………………………………92
6.7 Functional Genomics ……………………………………………………………………94
6.7.1 Number of Yeast Genes…………………………………………………….96
6.7.2 Expression Pattern of Genes Using DNA Microarrays ……….98
6.7.3 Mapping Transcription Network……………………………………….98
6.8 Proteomics and System Biology Modeling ……………………………………100
6.9 Concluding Remarks…………………………………………………………………..103
References……………………………………………………………………………………………103
Chapter 7
Aspergillus nidulans
: A Model for Study of Form
and Asexual Reproduction……………………………………………….107
7.1 Conidiophore Morphogenesis ………………………………………………………108
7.1.1 Developmental Competence…………………………………………….109
7.2 Microcycle Conidiation………………………………………………………………..109
7.3 Conidiation Genes ………………………………………………………………………109
7.4 Conidiation Trigger …………………………………………………………………….111
7.5 Regulatory Pathway……………………………………………………………………112
7.6 Summary……………………………………………………………………………………114
References……………………………………………………………………………………………114
Chapter 8
Ustilago maydis
: Mechanisms in Sexual
Reproduction…………………………………………………………………..117
8.1 Heterothallism vs. Homothallism ………………………………………………..117
8.2 Cell-Cell Recognition…………………………………………………………………..118
8.2.1 Mating Types …………………………………………………………………118
xiv Contents
8.3 Extracellular Recognition ……………………………………………………………121
8.3.1 The
a
Locus……………………………………………………………………121
8.3.2 Pheromone and Receptor ………………………………………………..122
8.4 Intracellular Recognition…………………………………………………………….124
8.4.1 The
b
Locus……………………………………………………………………124
8.5 Overview ……………………………………………………………………………………126
References……………………………………………………………………………………………126
PART IV Gene Manipulation in Fungi
Chapter 9
Transformation of Fungi and Discovery
of Gene-Silencing Phenomena………………………………………….129
9.1 Transformation Procedure…………………………………………………………..129
9.2 Homologous vs. Ectopic Integration of Transgene ………………………..131
9.3 Purification of Transformant……………………………………………………….132
9.4 Gene-Silencing Phenomena…………………………………………………………132
9.4.1 Silencing by Mutation (RIP)……………………………………………132
9.4.2 Meiotic Silencing by Unpaired DNA (MSUD)…………………..134
9.4.3 Silencing by DNA Methylation (MIP)………………………………135
9.4.4 Quelling …………………………………………………………………………136
9.4.5 Internuclear Gene Silencing ……………………………………………140
9.5 Concluding Remarks…………………………………………………………………..141
References……………………………………………………………………………………………141
PART V Adaptations
Chapter 10
Thermophilic Fungi: Eukaryotic Life
at High Temperature ………………………………………………………145
10.1 Discovery……………………………………………………………………………………146
10.1.1 Self-Heating of Stored Agricultural Products …………………..146
10.1.2 Guayule Rets………………………………………………………………….148
10.1.3 Composts ……………………………………………………………………….148
10.2 Distribution in Soil …………………………………………………………………….148
10.3 Physiology ………………………………………………………………………………….151
10.3.1 Cultivation …………………………………………………………………….151
10.3.2 Metabolic Rate ……………………………………………………………….152
10.3.3 Efficiency of Growth ……………………………………………………….153
10.3.4 Carbon Sources in Environment ……………………………………..153
10.3.5 Transport of Nutrients……………………………………………………153
10.3.6 Protein Turnover ……………………………………………………………154
10.4 Secretory Enzymes……………………………………………………………………..154
10.4.1 Proteases ……………………………………………………………………….155
10.4.2 Lipases…………………………………………………………………………..155
10.4.3 Amylases ……………………………………………………………………….155
Contents xv
10.4.4 Cellulases ………………………………………………………………………156
10.4.5 Xylanases ………………………………………………………………………156
10.4.6 Cell-Associated Enzymes ………………………………………………..156
10.5 Concluding Remarks…………………………………………………………………..159
References……………………………………………………………………………………………160
Chapter 11
Photoresponses and Circadian Rhythm ……………………………163
11.1 Types of Photoresponses in Fungi ……………………………………………….163
11.1.1 Pigmentation………………………………………………………………….163
11.1.2 Growth Rhythms ……………………………………………………………163
11.1.3 Reproduction ………………………………………………………………….164
11.1.4 Spore Liberation …………………………………………………………….165
11.1.5 Phototropism………………………………………………………………….166
11.1.6 Morphogenesis ……………………………………………………………….169
11.2 Circadian Rhythm in
Neurospora
………………………………………………..170
11.2.1 A Clock Gene …………………………………………………………………171
11.2.2 Regulatory Genes …………………………………………………………..171
11.2.3 Clock-Controlled Genes…………………………………………………..173
11.3 Entrainment ………………………………………………………………………………173
11.4 Summary……………………………………………………………………………………174
References……………………………………………………………………………………………175
Chapter 12
Decomposition of Biomass……………………………………………….177
12.1 Decay of Wood and Litter ……………………………………………………………177
12.1.1 White-Rot and Brown-Rot Fungi …………………………………….179
12.1.2 Litter Decomposers…………………………………………………………179
12.2 Biochemistry of Degradation of Cell Wall Polymers ……………………..180
12.2.1 Lignin Degradation ………………………………………………………..180
12.2.2 Cellulose Degradation …………………………………………………….182
12.2.3 Hemicellulose Degradation ……………………………………………..187
12.3 Concluding Remarks…………………………………………………………………..187
References……………………………………………………………………………………………188
PART VI Populations
Chapter 13
Species, Their Diversity and Populations …………………………191
13.1 Value of Diversity……………………………………………………………………….191
13.1.1 Applied Research ……………………………………………………………191
13.1.2 Basic Research……………………………………………………………….193
13.2 Number of Fungal Species ………………………………………………………….194
13.3 Species Recognition…………………………………………………………………….195
13.3.1 MSR, BSR and PSR………………………………………………………..195
13.4 Discovery of Intraspecies Variability ……………………………………………196
13.4.1 Physiological Races…………………………………………………………196
13.4.2 Vegetative Compatibility…………………………………………………197
xvi Contents
13.5 Generation of Variation ………………………………………………………………197
13.5.1 Mutation and Heterokaryosis………………………………………….197
13.5.2 Transposable Elements …………………………………………………..198
13.6 Detection of Genetic Variation in Populations ……………………………..198
13.6.1 Isozymes ………………………………………………………………………..198
13.6.2 RFLP……………………………………………………………………………..199
13.6.3 RAPD…………………………………………………………………………….199
13.6.4 Ribosomal DNA ……………………………………………………………..201
13.6.5 Mitochondrial DNA and Mitochondrial Plasmids……………..202
13.6.6 DNA Sequence ……………………………………………………………….202
13.6.7 Karyotype Polymorphism………………………………………………..203
13.6.8 Spore Killer Elements …………………………………………………….203
13.7 Speciation…………………………………………………………………………………..203
13.8 Concluding Remarks…………………………………………………………………..204
References……………………………………………………………………………………………205
Chapter 14
Senescence ……………………………………………………………………..207
14.1 Discovery of Senescing Strains ……………………………………………………207
14.2 Distinguishing Nucleus and Mitochondria
Based Senescence……………………………………………………………………….208
14.2.1 Genetic Cross …………………………………………………………………208
14.2.2 Heterokaryon Test ………………………………………………………….208
14.3 Senescence in
Podospora anserina
……………………………………………….209
14.3.1 Deletion and Rearrangements
in Mitochondrial DNA…………………………………………………….209
14.3.2 Nuclear Gene Control of Mitochondrial
DNA Deletions ……………………………………………………………….212
14.4 Plasmid-Based Senescence in
Neurospora
……………………………………212
14.4.1 Mitochondrial Plasmids ………………………………………………….212
14.5 Nuclear Gene Mutants ……………………………………………………………….215
14.5.1
natural death
…………………………………………………………………215
14.5.2
senescent
………………………………………………………………………..215
14.6 Aerobic Respiration, Aging and Senescence………………………………….218
14.7 Concluding Remarks…………………………………………………………………..220
References……………………………………………………………………………………………221
Appendix
Naming, Defining, and Broadly Classifying Fungi…………….223
Naming of Fungi………………………………………………………………………………….223
Definition of a Fungus………………………………………………………………………….223
Classification ……………………………………………………………………………………….224
A Broad Classification of Fungi…………………………………………………………….224
Kingdom Eumyccta …………………………………………………………………….224
Phylum Chytridiomycotina………………………………………………………….225
Phylum Zygomycotina…………………………………………………………………225
Phylum Glomeromycotina …………………………………………………………..225
Phylum Ascomycotina…………………………………………………………………228
Phylum Basidiomycotina …………………………………………………………….229
Phylum Deuteromycotina (Fungi Anamorphici)……………………………229
Kingdom Straminipila (Stramenopila)…………………………………………………..233
General References………………………………………………………………………………233
Index
………………………………………………………………………………………………….235

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